# Impact of age and rurality on colorectal cancer outcomes in the United States

## TL;DR

Younger adults, especially in non-rural areas, are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced colorectal cancer, while rural residents face higher cancer-specific mortality.

## Contribution

This study identifies age and rurality as key factors influencing colorectal cancer outcomes, revealing distinct patterns in late-stage diagnosis and mortality.

## Key findings

- Younger adults (30–49) had higher odds of late-stage CRC diagnosis compared to those aged 50–59, particularly in non-rural areas.
- Rural residents faced higher CRC-specific mortality across all age groups, with the largest increase in younger adults (20–29).

## Abstract

While overall colorectal cancer (CRC) rates have declined in the United States (U.S.), early-onset CRC (EO-CRC), diagnosed before age 50, has increased. Rural U.S. residents face higher CRC incidence than non-rural counterparts. We aimed to examine the relationship between age at diagnosis and EO-CRC outcomes and whether rurality modify these associations.

We analyzed data from 835,907 patients aged 20–79 years in the 2006–2020 SEER Program. Rurality was defined using U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural–Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine associations between age, rurality, and late-stage CRC diagnosis. Competing-risk regression models were applied to evaluate CRC-specific mortality, accounting for non–CRC deaths. Patients aged 50–59 years residing in non-rural areas served as the reference group for joint age–rurality analyses. All models adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, and treatment factors.

Patients aged 30–39 (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.44–1.54) and 40–49 (aOR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.40–1.46) had significantly higher odds of late-stage CRC compared with those aged 50–59, with the strongest associations observed among non-rural patients aged 30–39 (aOR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.46–1.58). In competing-risk models, rural patients were at higher CRC-specific mortality across all age groups, with relative hazard increases ranging from 8% in older adults (70-79) to 21% in younger adults (20-29) compared with their non-rural counterparts.

Adults aged 30–49 had higher odds of late-stage CRC than those 50–59, especially in non-rural areas. Rural residence was associated with higher CRC-specific mortality across all ages. Overall, age more strongly predicted late-stage diagnosis, while rurality more strongly predicted mortality. Earlier detection and improved clinical awareness in younger adults may reduce advanced-stage disease and CRC deaths.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10552-026-02150-3.