# Comparative effects of resistance- and assistance-based robot training on brain activation and motor recovery in stroke patients

## TL;DR

This study compares resistance and assistance-based robot training effects on brain activity and motor recovery in stroke patients.

## Contribution

The study reveals distinct brain activation patterns and motor improvements from resistance versus assistance-based robotic training in stroke rehabilitation.

## Key findings

- Resistance training improved kinematic smoothness and reduced prefrontal activation in ipsilesional hemispheres.
- Both training types improved motor function and daily living activities, but resistance training showed additional kinematic benefits.
- Prefrontal activation decreased in both groups, with significant differences in the ipsilesional hemisphere between groups.

## Abstract

Stroke is a significant cause of disability worldwide, often resulting in persistent upper-limb dysfunction. Robot-assisted therapy has emerged as an effective rehabilitation strategy by enabling intensive, repetitive, and task-specific training. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of resistance- versus assistance-based robotic interventions on brain activation and motor recovery in patients with stroke, as these effects remain insufficiently understood.

Twenty-five adults with hemiparetic stroke were randomized to a resistance-based robot training group (RTG, n = 13) or assistance-based robot training group (ATG, n = 12). Interventions were delivered using the InMotion 2.0 for 30 min per session, five sessions/week over 4 weeks. Brain activation was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), motor function using the Fugl–Meyer Assessment for the Upper Limb (FM-UL) and kinematic indices from InMotion 2.0, and activities of daily living using the Motor Activity Log (MAL).

Prefrontal activation decreased from pre- to post-intervention in both groups. In the ipsilesional hemispheres, differences between groups were significant (p < 0.05). In the resistance training group, additional improvements were found in mean velocity, circle size, and movement independence (p < 0.05). Both groups showed significant gains in FM-UL and ADL performance (p < 0.05), with no significant between-group differences in these measures.

Resistance-based robotic training was associated with greater motor improvements in kinematic smoothness, and larger reductions in prefrontal activation within ipsilesional hemispheres compared with assistance-based training. These findings suggest differences in prefrontal activation patterns accompanied by improvements in kinematic movement smoothness in stroke survivors.

https://cris.nih.go.kr, (Registration Number: KCT0011076).