# Effect of Subglottic Stenosis on Expiratory Sound Using Direct Noise Calculation

## TL;DR

This paper investigates how subglottic stenosis affects expiratory sound using simulations to understand the impact of severity and other parameters on sound pressure levels.

## Contribution

The study introduces a direct noise calculation method to simulate and analyze sound production in subglottic stenosis.

## Key findings

- Sound pressure level increases rapidly as subglottic stenosis severity approaches 100%.
- Tonal components of expiratory sound mainly arise from hole tones and tract harmonics.
- Constricting the glottis significantly influences sound spectra, aiding in stenosis diagnosis.

## Abstract

Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is a rare yet potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt identification and treatment. One of the primary symptoms of SGS is a respiratory sound that is tonal. To better understand the effect of SGS on expiratory sound, we used direct noise calculation to simulate sound production in a simplified axisymmetric configuration that included the trachea, the vocal folds, the supraglottal tract, and an open environmental space. This study focused on flow-sustained tones and explored the impact of various parameters, such as the SGS severity, the SGS distance, the flowrate, and the glottal opening size. It was found that the sound pressure level (SPL) of the expiratory sound increased with flowrate. SGS had little effect on the sound until its severity approached 75% and SPL increased rapidly as the severity approached 100%. The results also revealed that the tonal components of the sound predominantly came from hole tones and tract harmonics and their coupling. The spectra of the sound were greatly influenced by constricting the glottis, which suggests that respiratory tasks that involve maneuvers to change the glottal opening size could be useful in gathering more information on respiratory sound to aid in the diagnosis of subglottic stenosis.