# Exploring sleep-related problems among concerned others of individuals with mental health problems and/or problematic substance use: a cross-sectional study

## TL;DR

This study shows that people close to those with mental health or substance use issues face higher risks of sleep problems, both in childhood and adulthood.

## Contribution

The study identifies both current caregiving roles and childhood exposure as risk factors for sleep-related symptoms in concerned others.

## Key findings

- Childhood exposure to parental mental health or alcohol issues increases adult sleep problems (ORs 1.43-1.73).
- Being a concerned other in adulthood increases odds of sleep symptoms (ORs 1.56-1.95).
- Sleep issues among concerned others suggest a need for targeted support and early interventions.

## Abstract

Mental health problems and/or problematic substance use (including alcohol) affect not only the individuals directly involved but also their close family members. Being a concerned other, a partner, parent, or child of someone with mental health problems or problematic substance use can be emotionally demanding and may negatively impact sleep health. This study aimed to examine whether concerned others are at increased risk of sleep-related symptoms compared with individuals without such family-related burdens.

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 18,517 Norwegian adults (>18 years) by completing an online self-report questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, economic capability (SES) and gender were used to examine whether being a partner or parent of individuals struggling with substance use or mental health problems or having experienced a parent with problematic alcohol use or mental health problems during childhood was associated with sleep-related symptoms.

During childhood, 15.8% and 13.9% reported having parents with mental health problems or problematic alcohol use, respectively. In adulthood, 1 in 6 individuals reported being a partner or parent to someone with mental health problems, and 1 in 10 reported being a partner or parent to someone with problematic substance use. Childhood exposure to parental mental health problems or problematic alcohol use was significantly associated with increased odds of sleep initiation difficulties, sleep maintenance problems, daytime sleepiness, and chronic sleep issues in adulthood (ORs ranging from 1.43 to 1.73). Similarly, being a concerned other to someone with mental health problems or problematic substance use in adulthood was associated with increased odds of having the same sleep-related symptoms (ORs ranging from 1.56 to 1.95).

Concerned others of individuals with mental health problems or problematic alcohol or substance use had higher prevalence of sleep-related symptoms. Both current caregiving and childhood exposure to such experiences are linked to poor sleep and potential long-term health consequences. These findings highlight the need for targeted support and early interventions to improve sleep and overall well-being among concerned others.