# Child sexual exploitation and abuse: considerations of cultural differences in policy and legislation

## TL;DR

The paper explores how cultural differences affect policies and legislation on child sexual exploitation and abuse in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei.

## Contribution

It introduces a cross-cultural analysis of policy responses to CSEA, emphasizing the role of cultural beliefs in shaping legal frameworks.

## Key findings

- Five key themes were identified: intersectionality, policy dislocation, power and control, child participation, and adult invisibility.
- Cultural beliefs significantly influence how CSEA is understood and addressed in different national contexts.
- The study provides insights for policymakers to better integrate cultural considerations into CSEA legislation.

## Abstract

Online services have expanded cross-cultural communication worldwide and have facilitated cross-border forms of child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA), highlighting cultural differences in conceptualisations of the crime.

This article uses a case-study methodology to examine how cultural beliefs are integrated into CSEA risk assessments and policy responses in three differing cultural contexts: Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei Darussalam. The case-studies contain structured snapshots of policy responses to CSEA in each country and were thematically analysed.

Five key themes were identified across the case-studies: intersectionality, policy dislocation, power and control, child participation and the invisibility of adults.

These areas represent reflection points for policy makers, when conceptualising legislative and policy responses to CSEA, to consider where cultural beliefs may be impacting the development or implementation of responses.