# Multifaceted mechanisms of plant metabolites in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a critical review beyond vasodilation

## TL;DR

This review explores how plant compounds might treat lung artery high blood pressure by targeting more than just widening blood vessels.

## Contribution

The paper critically evaluates plant metabolites' mechanisms in PAH beyond vasodilation, emphasizing translational limitations.

## Key findings

- Plant metabolites modulate vascular remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress in preclinical models.
- Most evidence is limited to rodent models and high-concentration in vitro assays.
- Translational potential is hindered by unvalidated target engagement and poor pharmacokinetics.

## Abstract

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive vascular disease characterized by remodeling, inflammation, and metabolic dysregulation. Current pharmacotherapies primarily target vasodilation but fail to reverse structural remodeling or arrest disease progression. Plant metabolites have been proposed as potential therapeutic leads due to their structural diversity and reported multi-target actions; however, their safety and efficacy profiles in PAH remain incompletely validated. Beyond vasodilation, plant metabolites have been reported to modulate vascular remodeling, inflammation, oxidative stress, cellular metabolism, and epigenetic regulation, predominantly in preclinical models. However, most supporting evidence remains preclinical, often derived from rodent models and high-concentration in vitro assays, with limited validation of direct target engagement and clinical translatability. This review critically evaluates the multifaceted mechanisms of plant metabolites in PAH beyond vasodilation, with an explicit focus on the quality of evidence, the relevance of preclinical models, and the significant confounding issue of pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS). We highlight that while many metabolites show promising multi-target effects in vitro and in rodent models, the translational potential of most is severely limited by unvalidated target engagement, poor pharmacokinetics, and a lack of rigorous clinical data.