# Body, boundary, power: the impact of gender identity on professional relationships and working conditions in coaching

## TL;DR

This study explores how gender identity affects coaching professionals, revealing challenges like the 'glass ceiling' for women and restrictive norms for men.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a dual structure of gender inequality in coaching, highlighting constraints faced by both male and female coaches.

## Key findings

- Female coaches face a 'glass ceiling' with questioned competencies and emotional burdens.
- Male coaches encounter communication barriers due to hegemonic masculinity norms.
- Gender inequality in coaching includes structural challenges for both genders.

## Abstract

The coaching profession plays a critical role in athlete development and building an egalitarian culture in sports. However, professional practice is often shaped by gender-based stereotypes, prejudices, and structural limitations. This study aims to examine the multilayered and systemic nature of gender inequality in the coaching profession.

A qualitative research approach using a phenomenological design was employed. The experiences of active male and female coaches (n = 10) were investigated through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Participants were selected using criterion sampling to ensure gender balance across male-dominated, female-dominated, and neutral sports branches. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

The analysis identified three main themes constraining coaches' professional lives: Invisible Labor, Glass Ceiling & Glass Cliff, and Sexual Objectification. Findings revealed that female coaches struggle with a “Glass Ceiling” where their competencies are questioned, career paths are restricted, and they bear emotional burdens imposed by gender norms. Conversely, male coaches are compelled to establish excessive distance and formality, particularly with female members, to avoid being perceived as potential objects of sexual threat. This creates a “Communication Barrier” that limits their professional effectiveness and market volume.

Gender inequality in coaching possesses a dual structure, encompassing not only the disadvantaged position of women but also structural challenges for male coaches exposed to restrictive hegemonic masculinity norms. To achieve genuine and inclusive equality in sports, policies must be broadened to address the specific constraints faced by both genders.