Wide-swath altimetry maps bank shapes and storage changes in global rivers

TL;DR

A new satellite mission provides global insights into river channel shapes and water storage changes, revealing significant discrepancies with previous models.

Contribution

The study introduces the first near-global-scale observations of river geometry and water storage changes using the SWOT satellite mission.

Findings

SWOT observations show global annual river storage variability is 28% lower than previous model estimates.

Clear patterns of riverbed shape and storage variability emerge across major basins.

Observational challenges in the Arctic and the Amazon drought contribute to discrepancies in estimates.

Abstract

Rivers are Earth’s most renewable and accessible freshwater resource1, yet global estimates of the magnitude and variability in river water storage have remained few and inconsistent1–9. Previous estimates of variability have relied either on sparse and asynchronous remote-sensing observations10 or on hydrological models constrained by incomplete understanding of surface-water balance and poorly known river channel characteristics2,3. The insufficient knowledge of temporal variations in river water storage across space hinders effective management of this critical freshwater resource11,12. Here we present near-global-scale observations of active river channel geometry and associated monthly changes in water storage at the reach scale derived from the first water year (October 2023 to September 2024) of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission at 126,674 reaches worldwide. Clear patterns of riverbed shape and storage variability expectedly emerge across major basins. SWOT reveals a range of 313.1 ± 129.5 km³ in global annual river storage variability, approximately 28% lower than the lowest previously modelled estimates for the same wide reaches. Although the Amazon’s 2024 record drought, the observational challenges in the Arctic and the revisit frequency of SWOT almost certainly contribute to the discrepancy, the observations point to distinct knowledge limitations in surface-water science. These findings highlight key opportunities to improve the fundamental representation of surface-water dynamics in global models and to better inform water resource management and disaster mitigation at scale.

Observations of river channel geometry and monthly water storage changes for 126,674 river reaches worldwide are derived from the first water year of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography satellite mission.

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