# Subjective and psychophysiological response to pictures of ancestral and modern threats: Not all evolutionary threats are alike

## TL;DR

This study compares how people react to pictures of ancient and modern threats, finding that both can trigger similar physiological responses depending on perceived danger.

## Contribution

The study reveals that electrodermal responses to threats depend on subjective fear, not just evolutionary history.

## Key findings

- Participants showed stronger skin resistance responses to heights and venomous snakes than to control stimuli.
- Subjective fear ratings correlated with the likelihood of a skin resistance change.
- Modern threats like firearms and airborne diseases can elicit responses similar to ancestral threats.

## Abstract

After encountering a potentially dangerous stimulus, the human body and mind might react with a cascade of physiological, emotional, and cognitive responses to minimize impending harm. However, whether this system can be activated by modern (ontogenetic) threats to the same extent as by ancestral (evolutionary) threats remains uncertain, since the existing results are ambiguous. In this study, we aimed to compare the skin resistance (SR) response to ancestral and modern threats; the focal categories were venomous snakes, heights, airborne diseases, and firearms. We collected recordings of 119 participants, about 30 per threat category, supplemented by participants’ rating of the stimuli according to elicited fear. Results showed that participants reacted (SR change) with higher probability to all experimental categories than to control stimuli, with the most frequent reactions to photos simulating the threat of heights, followed by snakes, firearms, and airborne diseases. The largest amplitudes, indicating response intensity, were observed for heights but also for venomous snakes. Further examination showed that higher subjective fear corresponded to an increased probability of SR change. Although the results suggest a slight advantage for ancestral threats, responses to the threat of heights differed in several respects from responses to snakes, demonstrating that ancestrality-based categorisation cannot capture all aspects of the response. Moreover, both ancestral and modern threats can evoke similar electrodermal responses, depending on subjective stimulus salience and/or threat relevance.