KLF5 controls subtype-independent highly interactive enhancers in pancreatic cancer to regulate cell survival

TL;DR

This study identifies KLF5 as a key regulator of enhancers that control cell survival in pancreatic cancer, regardless of tumor subtype.

Contribution

The study reveals KLF5-bound enhancers as a common target for treating heterogeneous pancreatic cancer.

Findings

KLF5 binds to enhancers that interact with essential genes in pancreatic cancer.

Depletion of KLF5 reduces cell viability by inducing apoptosis.

BCL2L1 is a target gene regulated by KLF5-bound enhancers.

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a highly lethal cancer with a 5-year survival rate of 13%. Despite recent molecular stratification of tumors into distinct classical and basal-like cell states, most tumors are heterogeneous and contain both subtypes. Therefore, therapeutic approaches targeting only one subtype are unlikely to be effective as standalone PDAC treatments. Here, we integrated chromatin accessibility [assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq)], genome-wide occupancy [chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq)] for epigenetic status (H3K27ac), and H3K4me3-anchored chromatin topology (HiChIP) to uncover subtype-independent highly interactive enhancers that interact with essential genes in PDAC. Motif analysis revealed that these common enhancers were bound by KLF5 with subsequent depletion leading to decreased cell viability via induction of apoptosis. To elucidate the transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms by which KLF5 functions in PDAC, we used rapid depletion of KLF5 with dTAG technology and profiled the effects on the open and active chromatin landscape and transcription with nascent RNA and messenger RNA sequencing over time. Enhancer inactivation via KRAB domain Zim3-dCas9 fusion protein confirmed KLF5-bound enhancers regulate target genes, including the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2L1. Multiplex immunofluorescence confirmed costaining of KLF5 and Bcl-xL in patient samples and overexpression of Bcl-xL rescued the induction of apoptosis after KLF5 depletion. Together, this study provides insights into common mechanisms to target highly heterogeneous PDAC tumors.

KLF5 controls subtype-independent highly interactive enhancers to regulate cell viability in pancreatic cancer.

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