# Acute kidney injury in immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure: insights from the HIGH clinical trial and relation with mechanical ventilation

## TL;DR

Immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure are at high risk of acute kidney injury, but mechanical ventilation may not be the main cause.

## Contribution

This study explores the relationship between mechanical ventilation and AKI in immunocompromised patients using causal inference models.

## Key findings

- 542 out of 734 immunocompromised patients developed AKI, with AKI often occurring before mechanical ventilation.
- Univariate analysis showed a significant association between mechanical ventilation and AKI, but this was not significant in multivariate models.
- Only 19% of ventilated patients developed AKI after the initiation of mechanical ventilation.

## Abstract

Critically ill immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible to acute kidney injury (AKI) due to various underlying mechanisms. Although invasive mechanical ventilation has been associated with an increased risk of AKI, its specific impact on immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure has not been explored. This study aims to describe the prevalence of AKI in this patient population and evaluate the potential risk associated with invasive mechanical ventilation, using causal inference models adjusted for the likelihood of requiring ventilation.

We conducted a post–hoc analysis of 734 immunocompromised patients from the HIGH clinical trial. Of these, 302 (41%) required invasive mechanical ventilation, and 542 (74%) developed AKI. Notably, AKI frequently occurred before the initiation of invasive mechanical ventilation, with the median day of peak KDIGO stage being 2 days (IQR 1–4 days), compared to 3 days (IQR 2–4 days) for initiation of mechanical ventilation. While univariate analysis showed a significant association between invasive mechanical ventilation and AKI (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.02–1.16, p = 0.014), this association was not significant in the multivariate model (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.98–1.13, p = 0.185). Similar findings were observed after adjusting for the risk of invasive mechanical ventilation using overlap weighting and in a competing risk model. Among patients who received mechanical ventilation, 59 (19%) developed AKI after initiation of mechanical ventilation.

Immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure face a significant risk of developing AKI, driven by a combination of factors such as their underlying conditions and disease severity. In contrast, the direct impact of invasive mechanical ventilation appears to be limited, suggesting that mechanical ventilation may not be a primary driver of AKI in this vulnerable patient population.