# Integrating neural organoids and AI: increasing the risk of artificial consciousness or medical malpractice?

## TL;DR

This paper explores ethical issues arising from combining neural organoids with AI, focusing on immediate concerns rather than speculative consciousness risks.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a framework for addressing empirically grounded ethical issues in AI-NO systems.

## Key findings

- AI-NO systems raise ethical concerns when AI data guides research on neural organoids.
- Using AI to analyze data from neural organoids introduces new ethical dilemmas.
- AI control of interventions on neural organoids impacts clinical decision-making ethics.

## Abstract

Neural organoids can be integrated with AI models in various formats, termed AI-NO systems. Neural organoids and AI are each high impact research fields which may play significant roles in biological research and clinical decision making. However, their potential benefits, pitfalls and associated governance structures are often overshadowed by highly speculative discourse over the possibility of them developing some form of consciousness and subsequently acquiring a level of moral status. This article examines the cause for this speculative discourse, arguing for a focus on more immediate, empirically grounded ethical issues. It describes potential ethical issues when data obtained from AI models is used for research planning and drug discovery on neural organoids; when AI models are used to analyze data obtained from neural organoids; and when AI models are used to control interventions on neural organoids in open- or closed-loop configurations. It concludes with an investigation on how AI-NO systems may impact clinical decision making.