# Preparation, characterization and performance analysis of sustainable kaolinitic clay-based ceramics incorporating ternary blends of steel slag, coal fly ash and waste glass bottle-derived powder

## TL;DR

This study explores using industrial waste materials to create sustainable ceramics, finding that a specific blend improves strength and reduces environmental impact.

## Contribution

A ternary blend of steel slag, coal fly ash, and waste glass powder is optimized for sustainable ceramic production with enhanced mechanical properties.

## Key findings

- Adding 5 wt% waste glass powder enhances densification and compressive strength up to 44 MPa at 1000–1100 °C.
- Higher waste glass content at elevated temperatures causes over-fluxing and reduced strength.
- XRD, FTIR, and SEM analyses confirm structural reorganization and vitrification in the ceramic matrix.

## Abstract

The valorization of industrial solid wastes into construction materials represents an important pathway toward resource efficiency and carbon reduction in the building sector. In this study, sustainable kaolinitic clay-based ceramics were developed using ternary blends of steel slag (SS), coal fly ash (CFA), and recycled waste glass bottle-derived powder (WGBP). The effects of WGBP content and firing temperature on phase evolution, microstructural development, densification behavior, and key physico-mechanical properties were systematically investigated. The results show that at intermediate temperatures (1000–1100 °C), the addition of 5 wt% WGBP promotes liquid-phase sintering, leading to enhanced densification, reduced water absorption, and compressive strengths up to 44 MPa, whereas higher glass contents at elevated temperature induce over-fluxing and pore entrapment, reducing strength despite comparable density. XRD, FTIR, and SEM analyses confirm the progressive vitrification and structural reorganization of the aluminosilicate matrix. The sustainability assessment identifies the 5 wt% WGBP formulation as the most balanced option, combining adequate mechanical performance with lower energy demand and CO2 emissions. Overall, the proposed approach provides a technically viable and resource-efficient route for the integrated utilization of multiple industrial wastes in construction ceramics.

Production of sustainable sintered composite materials based on steel slag, coal fly ash, clay, and waste glass powder at 1000–1200 °C.