# Encapsulation of carbon dots in medicinal chemistry: a comprehensive review of recent advances and applications

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how encapsulating carbon dots improves their use in medicine for drug delivery and imaging.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive review of encapsulation strategies to enhance carbon dot functionality in nanomedicine.

## Key findings

- Encapsulation improves colloidal stability and biodistribution of carbon dots.
- Various encapsulation methods like polymeric and lipid-based systems are analyzed for their advantages and limitations.
- Encapsulated carbon dots show promise in drug delivery, bioimaging, and theranostics.

## Abstract

Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as highly promising nanomaterials in medicinal chemistry due to their unique optical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and facile surface functionalization. However, their clinical translation is often hindered by limitations such as colloidal instability, nonspecific biodistribution, and limited therapeutic efficacy. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of encapsulation strategies in overcoming these challenges and enhancing CD functionality for advanced nanomedicine. We provide a comprehensive analysis of various encapsulation techniques, including polymeric, lipid-based, inorganic, and hybrid systems, detailing their mechanisms, advantages, and limitations. Advances in CD synthesis, functionalization, and physicochemical and biophysical characterization are discussed, along with their expanding applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, theranostics, biosensing, and related biomedical fields. Finally, we examine key translational barriers and propose future opportunities in intelligent nanocarrier engineering, clinical development, and regulatory advancement. This review offers a critical and in-depth perspective on encapsulated CDs as innovative, multifunctional platforms poised to advance modern medicinal chemistry.

Encapsulation strategies enhance the stability, targeting, and therapeutic performance of carbon dots, enabling advanced applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, and theranostics for next-generation nanomedicine.