# Plant-based proteins as functional egg replacers in pound cake: A comparative study of legume and oat ingredients

## TL;DR

This study compares plant-based proteins like legumes and oats as egg substitutes in pound cakes, finding that some ingredients offer promising but not fully egg-like performance.

## Contribution

The paper provides a systematic comparison of fourteen plant-based proteins as egg replacers, highlighting their functional properties and cake quality outcomes.

## Key findings

- Faba bean and lentil flours showed high protein solubility and good cake volume.
- Oat flours provided strong emulsification stability and gelling capability.
- No single plant protein fully replicated the multifunctionality of eggs in cake quality.

## Abstract

Rising demand for plant-based egg alternatives is caused by the need for sustainable, ethical and allergen-free solutions to conventional egg use in food systems. A systematic comparison was conducted on fourteen plant protein ingredients, including faba bean, lentil, chickpea and oat protein isolates, concentrates and flours, as egg replacements in pound cake formulations. Key properties assessed included foaming capacity and stability, protein solubility, emulsification, sulfhydryl content, water- and oil-holding capacity and minimum gelling concentration, alongside cake quality metrics such as batter rheology, bake loss, specific volume and crumb texture. Results revealed marked differences among protein sources, with faba bean (FPF) and lentil (LPF) flours demonstrating high protein solubility (FPF: 83.46 ± 0.35; LPF: 79.56 ± 0.23%) and favourable specific volume (FPF: 2.13 ± 0.03; LPF: 2.18 ± 0.03 mL/g), chickpea protein concentrate (CPC) contributing desirable springiness (0.86 ± 0.03) and cohesiveness (0.60 ± 0.02) and oat flours (OPF, OPFF, OF) providing notable emulsification stability (OPF: 0.52 ± 0.07; OPFF: 0.53 ± 0.07; OF: 0.54 ± 0.05%/min) and gelling capability (OPF/OPFF/OF: 8%). While none of the plant protein ingredients fully matched the multifunctionality of eggs, several demonstrated encouraging textural properties within this pound cake model, highlighting promising potential for further optimisation. The findings emphasise the importance of ingredient selection, processing, and potential protein blending or modification to improve the performance of plant-based egg replacers, without yet achieving egg-like multifunctionality. Overall, this work refines practical understanding of how compositional and techno-functional differences among legume- and oat-based ingredients translate into pound cake quality, and outlines opportunities for future, more targeted formulation strategies.

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•Plant protein ingredients were systematically compared with whole egg powder.•Processing level strongly affected protein solubility, foaming and emulsification.•Less processed flours yielded cakes with better volume and texture.•Solubility and setting temperature correlated with cake specific volume.•Egg multifunctionality was not replicated by single plant ingredients.

Plant protein ingredients were systematically compared with whole egg powder.

Processing level strongly affected protein solubility, foaming and emulsification.

Less processed flours yielded cakes with better volume and texture.

Solubility and setting temperature correlated with cake specific volume.

Egg multifunctionality was not replicated by single plant ingredients.