# Removal of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol S, and Estrogenic Activity from Real Wastewater Using a Multi-stage IFAS System

## TL;DR

A multi-stage wastewater treatment system effectively removes harmful chemicals like BPA and BPS, reducing estrogenic risk to aquatic life.

## Contribution

Demonstrates high removal efficiency of bisphenol A and bisphenol S using a novel multi-stage IFAS system in real wastewater.

## Key findings

- BPA and BPS removal efficiencies reached 99.8% and 97.7%, respectively.
- Estrogenic activity decreased by 83.2%, with effluent levels below ecotoxicological thresholds.

## Abstract

This study evaluated the removal of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and estrogenic activity from real municipal wastewater using a pilot-scale multi-stage integrated fixed-film activated sludge (MS-IFAS) system. The configuration comprised five sequential reactors (Anaerobic, Anoxic-1, Aerobic under IFAS, Anoxic-2, and Re-aeration) providing distinct redox conditions. Influent concentrations averaged 112.6 ± 49.5 µg L−1 for BPA and 6.6 ± 3.0 µg L−1 for BPS. Overall removal efficiencies reached 99.8 ± 0.1% and 97.7 ± 1.0%, respectively, despite influent variability. The aerobic IFAS reactor was the main contributor to contaminant degradation, maintaining performance even after a > 90% biomass loss. Estrogenicity, assessed by the Yeast Estrogen Screen assay and expressed as 17β-estradiol equivalents (E2-EQ) decreased by 83.2% (0.031–0.005 ng L−1). Effluent E2-EQ values were below ecotoxicological thresholds, indicating negligible estrogenic risk to aquatic organisms. These highlight the strong potential of MS-IFAS for removal of xenoestrogenic contaminants in real wastewater.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00128-026-04204-3.