# Nicotiana benthamiana as a model system for dissecting plant-pathogen interactions

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how Nicotiana benthamiana is used as a model plant to study interactions between plants and pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

## Contribution

The paper integrates molecular insights from various pathosystems and evaluates limitations of using N. benthamiana in plant-pathogen interaction studies.

## Key findings

- N. benthamiana's genome and susceptibility to pathogens make it ideal for studying host responses.
- Premature termination of NbRDR1 affects antiviral RNA silencing and virus interactions.
- The plant is useful for analyzing immune signaling and defense responses to non-viral pathogens.

## Abstract

Nicotiana benthamiana is widely used as a model plant for studying plant-pathogen interactions owing to its genetic background and experimental accessibility. Its allopolyploid genome, high susceptibility to diverse pathogens, and distinct composition of RNA silencing-related genes provide a suitable system for investigating host responses during infection. Studies in N.benthamiana have enabled detailed analyses of interactions with viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes, and have contributed to the characterization of antiviral RNA silencing, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), and MAPK-mediated signaling pathways. Premature transcriptional termination resulting in a nonfunctional NbRDR1 constitutes a key factor influencing antiviral RNA silencing regulation and host–virus interactions in this species. N.benthamiana has also been used to dissect immune receptor-mediated signaling and downstream defense responses to non-viral pathogens, including reactive oxygen species production and programmed cell death. In addition, the availability of virus-induced gene silencing and Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression systems has facilitated functional analyses and comparative studies across plant species. This review integrates molecular insights from diverse pathosystems and evaluates limitations relevant to interpreting results obtained in N.benthamiana.