# Induction of apoptosis by ethanol extract of sapodilla leaf in HGT-1 cells involved caspase-independent signal transduction pathway and activation of Nrf2/HO-1

## TL;DR

Sapodilla leaf extract shows anti-cancer effects in gastric cancer cells by inducing cell death and modulating key signaling pathways.

## Contribution

This study reveals a caspase-independent mechanism of apoptosis and activation of Nrf2/HO-1 in gastric cancer cells by sapodilla leaf extract.

## Key findings

- Sapodilla leaf extract is cytotoxic to HGT-1 human gastric cancer cells.
- The extract activates Nrf2 and HO-1 while suppressing NF-κB and iNOS.
- Apoptosis is induced via a caspase-independent pathway in HGT-1 cells.

## Abstract

Gastric cancer has become one of the most common cancers globally. Sapodilla or known as Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen, has been traditionally applied for cough, cold, and diarrhea. The detailed mechanisms in modulating sapodilla leaf 70% ethanol extract against HGT-1 human gastric cancer cell line have yet to be fully studied. Apoptosis induction was evaluated using an Annexin V-FITC/PI staining kit with flow cytometry. Caspase-3 and -8 expression were determined by colorimetric analysis. To explore the molecular mechanisms of action of the 70% ethanol extract of sapodilla leaves in HGT-1 cells, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed. Overall analyses demonstrated that sapodilla leaf 70% ethanol extract was cytotoxic and suppressed the growth of HGT-1 cells. The 70% ethanol extract of sapodilla leaves significantly suppressed the proliferation of HGT-1 cells. Moreover, it enhanced the expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), while concurrently suppressing the transcriptional activities of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Results indicate that sapodilla leaf 70% ethanol extract has an anti-gastric cancer effect via modulation of multiple signaling pathways. Sapodilla leaf 70% ethanol extract demonstrates promising potential as an anti-gastric cancer agent.