# Breeding effects on the root-associated microbiome of Zea mays L. are linked to plant-induced variation in soil water potentials

## TL;DR

Modern maize varieties have less control over their root microbiome compared to older landraces, especially under drought conditions.

## Contribution

The study links reduced plant control over microbiome composition in modern maize to breeding practices and soil water potential changes.

## Key findings

- Modern maize varieties show higher microbiome dispersion compared to landraces.
- Soil water potential changes drive microbiome shifts between landraces and modern varieties.
- Actinomycetota increase in abundance during soil drying in both landraces and modern varieties.

## Abstract

Modern crop varieties may exert reduced influence on their microbiome compared to their progenitors, as plant-microbe interactions were not targeted during breeding. Moreover, formerly beneficial microbiome functions might no longer be relevant in modern agricultural ecosystems. We hypothesised that such patterns could become particularly evident under drought, since drought-tolerance has not been a primary breeding target. To test this, we grew six maize landraces (released before 1945) and six modern varieties (released from 2010 onwards) in a field under ambient and 60% reduced precipitation. The experiment was repeated over two years, differing in amounts and temporal distributions of precipitation. We assessed the composition of root-associated prokaryotic communities during grain filling by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. Intra-variety dispersion in microbiome composition relative to plant biomass-based dispersion was higher in modern varieties, suggesting breeding may have affected plant control over microbiomes. Besides that, shifts in microbiome composition between landraces and modern varieties were driven mainly by the plants' impact on soil water potentials. Consequently, the taxa that increased in relative abundance during soil drying, mainly Actinomycetota, were similar between landraces and modern varieties. Exploring microbiome-mediated alleviation of drought effects, therefore, appears promising also for applications in modern agricultural ecosystems. Specifically, filamentous Streptomyces spp. potentially contributed to soil aggregate stability, which should be further investigated in the context of drought mitigation. The reduced plant control over microbiome composition of modern varieties suggested by dispersion analysis likely has functional implications beyond microbiome adaptation to drought and should be considered in future assessments of breeding.

Graphical Abstract