# The Young Adult Sleep model: an evolving causal loop diagram of mental health dynamics

## TL;DR

This paper presents a causal loop diagram to understand how sleep problems and depression interact in young adults, highlighting feedback loops and the need for multidomain interventions.

## Contribution

The Young Adult Sleep model is a novel causal loop diagram integrating biological, psychological, behavioral, and social factors in young adult mental health.

## Key findings

- The model includes 29 variables and 175 causal connections, revealing reinforcing loops like those between sleep disturbances and addictive behaviors.
- Experts identified balancing loops that could counteract self-reinforcing dynamics, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary research.
- The model supports iterative theory development and future computational simulations for intervention strategies.

## Abstract

This study introduces the Young Adult Sleep model, a comprehensive causal loop diagram (CLD) developed to explore the dynamic feedback mechanisms underlying sleep problems and affective depressive symptoms in young adults—an urgent public health challenge.

The CLDs was developed through five asynchronous questionnaire-based assignments completed by a panel of 14 domain experts, two existing CLDs, and targeted reviews of the scientific literature. Natural language processing was used to curate the system variables from questionnaire data.

The CLD integrates extensively interconnected variables across biological, psychological, behavioral, and social domains. It comprises 29 variables and 175 causal connections, forming numerous reinforcing feedback loops that can drive “vicious” cycles, such as the interplay of sleep disturbances and affective depressive symptoms with addictive behaviors like smoking. The experts also identified balancing loops that may counteract these self-reinforcing dynamics. Many loops span multiple domains, underscoring the importance of multidomain interventions and of interdisciplinary research that synthesizes evidence across scientific fields.

The Young Adult Sleep model is an evolving CLD framework that is intended to be further refined as new evidence becomes available. It supports iterative theory development and hypothesis generation, and serves as a foundation for future computational modeling to simulate intervention strategies to address this complex public health problem.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12916-026-04738-7.