# Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review

## TL;DR

This review examines the prevalence and risk factors of occupational noise-induced hearing loss among workers in Saudi Arabia, highlighting poor awareness and prevention practices.

## Contribution

The study provides a systematic review of ONIHL in Saudi Arabia, emphasizing regional prevalence and risk factors previously underreported.

## Key findings

- ONIHL prevalence in Saudi Arabia ranges from 2% to 71.6% across different occupational groups.
- Military personnel show the highest rates of ONIHL, likely due to high noise exposure and poor hearing protection use.
- Poor knowledge and negative attitudes toward hearing conservation are common in high-risk environments.

## Abstract

Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) remains one of the most frequently reported occupational diseases worldwide. It occurs with epidemiologically significant frequency among workers exposed to hazardous noise levels and is largely predictable and preventable through effective workplace control measures. This review aimed to examine the evidence related to ONIHL in Saudi Arabia. A comprehensive search was conducted using major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, to identify relevant literature. A total of seven cross-sectional studies were included, involving 1,481 participants from different regions of Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of ONIHL varied significantly across occupational groups, ranging from 2% to 71.6%, with the highest rates reported among military personnel. This considerable variation is primarily attributable to differences in diagnostic methods. Across all studies, awareness of ONIHL and the use of hearing protection were generally poor. Many participants demonstrated limited knowledge and negative attitudes toward hearing conservation, particularly in high-risk environments such as dental settings and military operations. This review highlights a concerning combination of high prevalence rates of ONIHL and poor knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices among the Saudi population. Age, years of professional experience, and occupational noise exposure were all substantially correlated with ONIHL, suggesting an association between prolonged exposure and hearing impairment. These demographic and occupational risk factors underscore the urgent need for proactive and targeted prevention strategies.