# Cytokine mRNA-based therapy alleviates dendritic cell and T cell paucity to eliminate aggressive pancreatic cancer in preclinical mouse models

## TL;DR

A new therapy combining cytokine mRNA with immunotherapy and chemotherapy effectively treats aggressive pancreatic cancer in mice.

## Contribution

A multimodal immunotherapy combining cytokine mRNA, chemotherapy, and immune checkpoint blockade is shown to overcome immune evasion in advanced pancreatic cancer.

## Key findings

- The MIMIC therapy significantly reduced tumor burden and suppressed metastases in a preclinical mouse model.
- MIMIC treatment enhanced immunogenic cell death and increased infiltration of dendritic cells and T cells into tumors.
- Omitting any component of the MIMIC regimen greatly reduced its effectiveness.

## Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with peritoneal dissemination is highly refractory to chemotherapy and immunotherapy, leading to poor prognosis. We aimed to develop an innovative therapeutic approach for advanced PDAC.

We performed comprehensive analyses of 498 bulk and 99 single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets. We established a syngeneic mouse model for subcutaneous and intraperitoneal metastatic tumours using mouse KrasG12D; Trp53R172H PDAC cells. A multimodal immunotherapy with mRNA-induced cytokines (MIMIC), that is, oxaliplatin, anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, and intratumoural administration of mRNA therapeutics encoding interferon-α and interleukin-12, was evaluated in this preclinical model.

The aggressive PDAC subtype exhibited a paucity of dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells, causing an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. The syngeneic mouse model recapitulated this immunological phenotype with resistance to conventional systemic therapies. The MIMIC therapy not only significantly reduced the local tumour burden but also elicited a robust abscopal effect, suppressing distant peritoneal metastases and prolonging survival (P < 0.001). The omission of any single agent from the MIMIC regimen substantially abrogated the therapeutic efficacy. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the MIMIC treatment enhanced immunogenic cell death, increased peripheral CD44+ CD62L− effector memory T cells, induced intratumoural infiltration of CD11c+ DCs and CD8+ T cells, and expanded TCR repertoire diversity.

Combining cytokine mRNA immunotherapy with cytotoxic killing and immune checkpoint blockade can reactivate antitumour immunity, offering a promising strategy for treating advanced PDAC.

This work was supported by 10.13039/501100001700Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT), 10.13039/100009619Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), and the 10.13039/501100008886Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund.