# Large spiking AI systems

**Authors:** Steve Furber

PMC · DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwag104 · National Science Review · 2026-02-12

## TL;DR

This paper explores using biological principles in AI to improve efficiency and avoid reliance on GPU platforms.

## Contribution

It introduces a spike-based LLM that applies biological principles to AI systems.

## Key findings

- Spike-based LLMs can reduce dependency on GPU platforms.
- Biological principles enhance AI algorithm efficiency.
- This approach avoids the 'deathly embrace' between AI and GPUs.

## Abstract

A recent work on a spike-based LLM demonstrates the feasibility and desirability of applying biological principles to address the current `deathly embrace' between AI algorithms and GPU-based compute platforms.

## Full text

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## References

2 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12988479/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12988479