# The chromosomal genome sequence of the carnivorous sponge, Lycopodina hypogea (Vacelet & Boury-Esnault, 1996) (Poecilosclerida: Cladorhizidae) and its associated microbial metagenome sequences

**Authors:** Thierry Pérez, Jean Vacelet, Dirk Erpenbeck, Ute Hentschel, Graeme Oatley, Elizabeth Sinclair, Eerik Aunin, Noah Gettle, Camilla Santos, Michael Paulini, Haoyu Niu, Victoria McKenna, Rebecca O’Brien, Jayan Duminda M Senevirathna, Estelle Proux-Wéra, Poppy Hesketh-Best, Emily C Giles

PMC · DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.25959.1 · Wellcome Open Research · 2026-02-17

## TL;DR

This paper presents the genome sequence of a carnivorous sponge and its associated microbial community, revealing insights into its genetic makeup and symbiotic relationships.

## Contribution

The study provides a high-quality chromosomal genome assembly and metagenomic analysis of Lycopodina hypogea and its microbial symbionts.

## Key findings

- The sponge genome assembly includes 16,317 protein-coding genes and a 235.10 Mb chromosomal sequence.
- The metagenome analysis identified 27 high-quality microbial genomes, including symbionts like Candidatus Spongiihabitans and Candidatus Poriferisodalaceae.

## Abstract

We present a genome assembly from an individual
Lycopodina hypogea (carnivorous sponge; Porifera; Demospongiae; Poecilosclerida; Cladorhizidae). The genome sequence has a total length of 235.10 megabases. Most of the assembly (98.85%) is scaffolded into 15 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled, with a length of 31.1 kilobases. Gene annotation of this assembly by Ensembl identified 16 317 protein-coding genes. From the metagenome data we recovered 39 bins, of which 27 were high-quality MAGs, including four fully circularised genomes. The MAGs included archaea and bacteria involved in nitrification and sulfate-reduction as well as known sponge symbionts affiliated with Gammaproteobacteria (
Candidatus Spongiihabitans, Porisulfidus) and Acidimicrobiales (
Candidatus Poriferisodalaceae), among others.

## Linked entities

- **Species:** Lycopodina hypogea (taxon 2491183), Candidatus Spongiihabitans (taxon 3033996), Candidatus Poriferisodalaceae (taxon 2983189)

## Full-text entities

- **Chemicals:** Nucleotide (MESH:D009711), Arima (MESH:D020912), TC (MESH:D013667), ammonia (MESH:D000641), formaldehyde (MESH:D005557), sulfate (MESH:D013431), Poly(A) (MESH:D011061), Emily C (-)
- **Species:** Porifera (sponges, phylum) [taxon 6040], Lycopodina hypogea (species) [taxon 2491183], Bacteria Latreille et al. 1825 (Bacteria stick insect, genus) [taxon 629395], Candidatus Porisulfidus (clade) [taxon 2093740]

## Full text

_Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12988363/full.md

## Figures

7 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12988363/full.md

## References

42 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12988363/full.md

---
Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12988363