# Antagonistic effects of amino acids support abiotic nano-environments in clay

## TL;DR

This study shows how amino acids interact with clay to create nano-environments that may have supported early life chemistry.

## Contribution

The research reveals antagonistic effects of amino acids on clay structure, creating diverse abiotic nano-environments.

## Key findings

- Lysine and arginine suppress clay swelling by intercalating between layers.
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid causes layer distortion and nanocavity formation in clay.
- The opposing effects of amino acids sustain diverse nano-environments in clay.

## Abstract

Prebiotic chemistry in nano-environments confined within catalytic mineral media is emerging as a promising frontier in origins-of-life research. Such confined spaces exhibit physicochemical properties distinct from bulk conditions, enabling out-of-equilibrium processes such as condensation reactions in aqueous media. Here, we demonstrate that a yin-yang interplay of organo–clay interactions generates and supports a variety of confined geochemical nano-environments within clay layers and facilitates the persistence of partial exfoliation. We investigate how the structure of Ca-montmorillonite clay is affected by exposure to aqueous amino acid mixtures containing proteinogenic species (L-lysine or L-arginine) and their 1:40 mixture with the meteorite-common, non-proteinogenic \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\gamma$$\end{document}-aminobutyric acid. Using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and electron microscopy, we reveal opposing effects of the different amino acids on the clay’s structure. Lysine and arginine intercalate between clay layers, bridge across them and suppress swelling, whereas \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\gamma$$\end{document}-aminobutyric acid induces pronounced layer distortion, exfoliation and nanocavity formation, even in the presence of the strongly-interacting species. The contrasting, complementary effects between fixation of the interlayer and formation of nano-compartments create and sustain diverse nano-environments. This balance could play a role in shaping nano-environments that facilitate prebiotic polymerisation and other chemistry central to life’s emergence on rocky bodies.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-41502-6.