# Hybrid knowledge- and data-driven modelling for robust spike detection and sorting in human C-fiber microneurography

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new method combining knowledge and data-driven approaches to improve spike detection and sorting in human C-fiber recordings, enhancing the analysis of pain and itch signals.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is a hybrid computational pipeline that integrates peak detection and supervised classification for more accurate spike sorting in C-fiber microneurography.

## Key findings

- The proposed pipeline achieved higher F1-scores and fewer false positives compared to Spike2 software.
- XGBoost achieved the highest median F1-scores, but optimal performance varied based on feature sets and models.
- Reliable sorting was not feasible in some recordings with low signal-to-noise ratios and many nerve fibers.

## Abstract

Analyzing temporal spike patterns in C-fibers recorded via microneurography is challenging due to the use of a single recording electrode, waveform variability, and high similarity of spike shapes across neurons, limiting the interpretation of sensory coding, such as pain and itch. We present a computational pipeline combining peak detection and supervised classification for spike sorting to improve the analysis of discharges, identified through activity-dependent conduction velocity changes. In the knowledge-driven step, we extract spike templates from electrically evoked spikes obtained during low-frequency stimulation and focus on the “best” template as the fiber of interest. Spike detection is further restricted to intervals showing activity-dependent latency shifts, substantially reducing the search space compared to unsupervised clustering. In the data-driven steps, we systematically evaluate three feature sets and machine learning models: One-class SVM, SVM, and XGBoost. For the evaluation, we created a specialized stimulation protocol, providing reliable ground truth labels for all electrically evoked spikes, allowing precise spike time-locking. Compared to Spike2 software, our approach achieved higher F1-scores and reduced false positives, indicating improved spike sorting. Although XGBoost achieved the highest median F1-scores, optimal performance was dependent on individual combinations of feature sets and models for each recording. In some recordings with many nerve fibers and a low signal-to-noise ratio, reliable sorting was not feasible. This highlights the necessity to determine sortability and optimal configurations for individual recordings. To illustrate the potential of our approach to sensory spike train analysis, we present a proof-of-concept application of the pipeline to chemically induced C-fiber activity. These findings represent an important step toward reliable analysis of activity associated with pain and itch signaling.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-41561-9.