# Concentration-Dependent Enhancement of Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties in Hybrid Systems of Perylenediimide and Silver Nanoparticles

## TL;DR

This paper shows how combining silver nanoparticles with a perylenediimide dye enhances optical properties, making the material useful for photonic devices.

## Contribution

The study reveals concentration-dependent enhancement of nonlinear optical properties in AgNP–TAIPDI hybrid systems through plasmon–exciton coupling and thermal lensing.

## Key findings

- Ag@TAIPDI nanocomposites show reverse saturable absorption and self-defocusing behavior with increasing AgNP concentration.
- Fluorescence emission is enhanced due to surface plasmon resonance-induced field amplification.
- Optical limiting performance improves with higher AgNP concentration.

## Abstract

The interaction between plasmonic nanoparticles and organic dye molecules plays an important role in varied photonic and optoelectronic applications. In this work, we systematically investigate the optical properties of a water-soluble perylenediimide derivative, N,N′-di(2-(trimethylammonium iodide) ethylene) perylenediimide (TAIPDI), in the presence of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) under femtosecond (fs) laser excitation. The AgNPs were synthesized via the laser ablation technique. The influence of AgNP concentration on the linear, fluorescence, and nonlinear optical properties of the TAIPDI dye was explored through UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence emission measurements, and open- and closed-aperture Z-scan techniques. The Ag NP–TAIPDI dye hybrid systems (Ag@TAIPDI nanocomposites) exhibited pronounced reverse saturable absorption and self-defocusing behavior, indicating a negative nonlinear refractive index. Both the nonlinear absorption coefficient and refractive index increased markedly with rising AgNP concentration, leading to a significant enhancement in the third-order nonlinear susceptibility. Fluorescence studies further revealed a concentration-dependent emission enhancement due to metal-enhanced fluorescence arising from surface plasmon resonance-induced local field amplification. The Ag@TAIPDI nanocomposites also demonstrated strong optical limiting performance, with the limiting threshold decreasing as the AgNP concentration increased. These findings highlight the synergistic role of plasmon–exciton coupling and thermal lensing in enhancing the nonlinear response of such nanocomposites. The results establish AgNPs–TAIPDI dye hybrid systems as promising materials for all-optical switching, optical limiting, and photonic device applications.