# Extraction and Verification of Seismic Vibration Metrics via Laser Remote Sensing Utilizing Wavefront Sensors

## TL;DR

A new laser-based system using wavefront sensors effectively detects seismic vibrations with high accuracy and strong correlation to reference measurements.

## Contribution

A Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor-based system is introduced for seismic vibration detection with high accuracy and linear correlation validation.

## Key findings

- The system shows strong linear correlation (R² > 0.98) between vibration amplitude and spot centroid shift.
- Vibration velocity derived from the system aligns closely with vibrometer measurements.
- The method is effective for low-frequency vibration detection and can be improved with noise reduction.

## Abstract

Seismic wave analysis is crucial for identifying subsurface formations and geological hazards. In this study, a seismic wave laser remote sensing system based on a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor was established by exploiting its high spatial resolution, array-based detection capability, and independent microlens spot centroid measurement. This method was employed to analyze the correlation characteristics among vibration-related physical variables. Experiments were conducted to assess the quantitative correlation between vibration amplitude and spot centroid shift by the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor across a range of 0.06–5.94 mm. Accordingly, based on the measured centroid shift, vibration velocity was derived and validated through comparison with reference vibrometer measurements. In addition, the correlation between vibration amplitude and vibration velocity was systematically analyzed. The experimental results demonstrate strong linear correlation between amplitude and both spot centroid shift and vibration velocity, with coefficients of determination R2 exceeding 0.98. The vibration velocity obtained by the proposed system shows strong agreement with vibrometer data, confirming its effectiveness for low-frequency vibration detection. Measurement accuracy can be further improved by reducing noise. These results indicate that the proposed approach provides a promising laser remote sensing solution for seismic wave detection.