# Research Progress on Flowering Period of Hemp

## TL;DR

This paper reviews the current understanding of hemp flowering regulation, focusing on environmental, genetic, and metabolic factors that influence flowering and its agricultural importance.

## Contribution

The paper systematically reviews recent advancements in hemp flowering regulation, highlighting gaps in basic research and proposing future directions.

## Key findings

- Environmental factors like photoperiod and plant nutrition directly regulate hemp flowering.
- Genetic loci such as Autoflower1 and molecular pathways like the FT-mediated photoperiod pathway are key in flowering regulation.
- Biotic and abiotic stresses indirectly affect flowering by disrupting metabolic processes.

## Abstract

Flowering regulation in hemp is critical for determining fiber yield, seed production, and the accumulation of medicinal components. This paper, based on bibliometric analysis, highlights the current gap in basic research on cannabis floral organs. The latest advancements in flowering regulation are then systematically reviewed. The morphological and physiological foundations of flowering are examined, including the flowering phenotype, timing, and flower differentiation. Furthermore, the direct regulatory mechanisms of key environmental and cultivation factors—such as photoperiod (type, light quality, duration) and plant nutrition (fertilization, hormones)—on flowering are discussed. Potential pathways through which biotic and abiotic stresses indirectly affect flowering by disrupting metabolic processes are also explored. In addition, the genetic basis of flowering regulation, including key gene loci such as Autoflower1, Early1, and CsPRR37, as well as molecular networks like the FT-mediated photoperiod pathway and the miR156-SPL age pathway, is examined in detail. Finally, the industrial significance of flowering regulation is summarized, and future research directions are proposed to provide a theoretical foundation for the precise breeding and cultivation management of high-quality hemp varieties.