# A Resonator-Based Flexible Antenna for Non-Invasive Deep Brain Temperature Sensing with Microwave Radiometry

## TL;DR

A flexible antenna is developed for non-invasive brain temperature sensing in infants using microwave radiometry.

## Contribution

A metamaterial-inspired flexible antenna is introduced for non-invasive deep brain temperature sensing.

## Key findings

- The CCSRR antenna operates at 1.4 GHz with strong field confinement and interference suppression.
- The antenna maintains stable performance under bending with good agreement between simulations and measurements.

## Abstract

We present a circular complementary split ring resonator (CCSRR) flexible antenna operating in the 1.4 GHz radio-astronomy quiet frequency band. The antenna is designed for microwave non-invasive brain temperature sensing of an infant’s head to aid in the therapeutic hypothermia treatment of hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The proposed metamaterial-inspired antenna is designed on a flexible Kapton substrate with a biocompatible Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) protective superstrate layer. For brain temperature measurement, the flexible antenna is placed directly on the scalp to collect thermal noise power from the underlying tissue layers. The received thermal power is to be delivered to a sensitive microwave radiometer. The CCSRR antenna exhibits sharp frequency selectivity at 1.4 GHz with inherent filtering capability, strong field confinement, and excellent suppression of out-of-tissue (external) electromagnetic interference and thermal noise contributions. To closely match the realistic scenario, the CCSRR antenna, initially designed in a planar multi-layer configuration, is investigated in various bending configurations (cylindrical and spherical) with a curvature radius of 55 mm. The results indicate stable performance under bending. Good agreement between simulated and on-body measured results is observed in the desired frequency band.