# Carrier Synchronous Signal Averaging for Trending Casing Crack Propagation in Planetary Gearbox

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new signal processing method to detect and track cracks in planetary gearbox casings using vibration data.

## Contribution

A novel carrier synchronous signal averaging framework is proposed for enhanced crack propagation monitoring in planetary gearboxes.

## Key findings

- The C-SSA signal's RMS serves as an effective health indicator for tracking casing crack progression.
- Applying the Hilbert transform on C-SSA improves crack detection sensitivity and reliability.
- The method performs consistently across different load levels, with better results at higher loads.

## Abstract

Cracks in planetary gearbox casings generate additional vibration responses, which may be used for monitoring structural degradations. This paper provides a signal processing framework to effectively track casing crack-related features in planetary gearboxes using the carrier synchronous signal average (C-SSA). The proposed algorithm is based on processing the hunting-tooth synchronous signal average (H-SSA) to extract the C-SSA which contains the cyclic interaction between the gear loadings and the corresponding casing response. The root mean square (RMS) of the C-SSA signal can then serve as a health condition indicator (CI) to track crack propagation. Further enhancement can be achieved by applying the Hilbert transform (HT) on the C-SSA using the full bandwidth to derive squared envelope signal, which enhances the trending capability. To remove cyclic temperature influences observed in the trends, singular spectrum analysis technique (SSAT) has been used to ensure that the trend reflects the changes purely due to the damage progression. Experiments using three casing-mounted sensors show good capability to track crack progression. Tests under 100%, 125%, and 150% load levels show consistent performance across these operating conditions, with better results seen at higher loads. The results demonstrate that C-SSA and its squared envelope signal effectively enhance the sensitivity and reliability of vibration-based casing crack detection, providing a practical tool for long-term structural health monitoring of planetary gearboxes.