# Disease Management Maintains Adequate Chlorophyll a Fluorescence and Enhances Wheat Grain Technological Quality

## TL;DR

Managing wheat diseases with resistant varieties, fungicides, and nitrogen improves grain quality and photosynthetic efficiency.

## Contribution

Integrated disease management enhances wheat grain quality and physiological performance under field conditions.

## Key findings

- Disease management reduced disease progress and improved chlorophyll a fluorescence (Fv/Fm).
- Nitrogen fertilization increased protein content and gluten index while maintaining dough properties.
- Fungicide use improved flour color and technological quality parameters.

## Abstract

Leaf and spike diseases can significantly reduce wheat yield and grain quality. To mitigate these impacts, an integrated disease management approach can be adopted, incorporating measures such as the use of resistant cultivars, fungicides and nitrogen fertilization. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of these practices on chlorophyll a fluorescence, yield components, and the technological quality of wheat grains. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was correlated with the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (Fv/Fm), as measured at the dough development stage (ZGS80) under field conditions, which also affected quality parameters. Additionally, an increase in AUDPC values reduced the thousand kernel weight (TKW) and test weight (TW). Conversely, AUDPC values for tan spot, powdery mildew and leaf rust were positively related to ash content (affecting flour color), protein content (PC) and grain falling number. Both the recommended nitrogen rate (130 kg ha−1) and the high rate (200 kg ha−1) increased grain protein content (PC) and gluten index (GI), while maintaining dough stability and water absorption. Fungicide application increased flour lightness and yellowness. Overall, integrated disease management combining moderately resistant cultivars, fungicide applications and nitrogen fertilization reduced AUDPC values, increased Fv/Fm (indicating optimal physiological performance) and ensured yield components and maintenance of wheat technological quality.