# Superior Growth Strategies and Stable Rhizosphere Microbial Communities Enhance the Competitive Advantage of the Invasive Plant Solanum rostratum over Its Native Congener S. nigrum

## TL;DR

This study shows how invasive plant Solanum rostratum outcompetes its native relative S. nigrum under increased nitrogen conditions due to better growth strategies and a stable rhizosphere microbial community.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific growth and microbial advantages of an invasive plant over a native congener under nitrogen enrichment.

## Key findings

- Solanum rostratum has higher biomass, lower root–shoot ratio, and greater crown width than S. nigrum, allowing better resource capture.
- S. rostratum exhibits higher photosynthetic rates, lower oxidative stress, and better nutrient use efficiency compared to S. nigrum.
- The rhizosphere microbial community of S. rostratum is more diverse and stable, potentially enhancing its nutrient uptake and competitiveness.

## Abstract

Exploring how nitrogen deposition alters the competitive interactions between invasive plants and native plants is critical for predicting the invasion trends of invasive plants and for formulating their control strategies. In this study, the invasive plant Solanum rostratum and its native congener S. nigrum were selected as research subjects, and three different nitrogen (N) concentration treatments (N1: 50 mg·kg−1, N2: 100 mg·kg−1, N3: 150 mg·kg−1) were set up to compare the two species in terms of growth and development, leaf nutrient utilization strategies, stress tolerance, and rhizosphere microbial community differences under competitive conditions. The results showed that the biomass of S. rostratum was 1.4 to 2.3 times that of S. nigrum; the former had a lower root–shoot ratio and a larger crown width, enabling it to seize more living space and light resources. Across all nitrogen treatments, the net photosynthetic rate of S. rostratum leaves was significantly higher than that of S. nigrum, reflecting a stronger carbon sequestration capacity. With the increase in soil nitrogen concentration, the malondialdehyde content in S. rostratum leaves showed a decreasing trend; meanwhile, its leaf soluble sugar and catalase contents were 3.5 to 4.3 times and 1.5 to 2.5 times those of S. nigrum, respectively, indicating a lower oxidative stress level and higher stress tolerance in S. rostratum. The leaf C/P and C/N ratios of S. rostratum increased with the rise in soil N, demonstrating a higher nutrient use efficiency, while the decrease in leaf phosphorus (P) content might be attributed to the element dilution effect caused by the rapid plant growth. In addition, the diversity and stability of the rhizosphere microbial community of S. rostratum gradually increased with increasing soil N and were significantly higher than those of S. nigrum. The rhizosphere-recruited microbes of the genera Comamonas and Chryseobacterium may help promote its root nutrient absorption and thus enhance its competitive ability. Collectively, our findings reveal that under exogenous N application, S. rostratum gains a significant growth advantage over S. nigrum, which is attributed to its stronger capacities for carbon assimilation and spatial resource acquisition, a nutrient strategy characterized by low acquisition and high utilization, as well as a stable and diverse rhizosphere microbial community.