# Multi-Omics Analysis Sheds Light on the Relative Roles of Hormones and Nutrients in Regulating Secondary Flowering in Prunus subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’

## TL;DR

This study explores how hormones and nutrients influence the autumn flowering of Prunus subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’, offering insights to extend cherry blossom ornamental periods.

## Contribution

The study identifies key metabolic pathways and hormonal interactions driving secondary flowering in Prunus subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’.

## Key findings

- Gibberellic acid (GA3) is significantly positively correlated with secondary flowering in Prunus subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’.
- Jasmonic acid (JA) is significantly negatively correlated with secondary flowering.
- Nutrient accumulation in terminal buds supports secondary flowering in autumn.

## Abstract

Cherry blossom trees are iconic ornamental plants of the spring known for their vibrant colors and elegant forms. However, their short flowering period limits their ornamental value. Prunus subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’ is notable for its ability to flower a second time in autumn. Study of the secondary flowering of this variety may offer insights into the development of cherry blossoms. Here, we studied the secondary flowering of Prunus subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’ by collecting three types of flower buds: the terminal buds of long branches in autumn (LB), the basal buds of short branches in autumn (SB), and flower buds in spring (FB). Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were then conducted on autumn flower buds to identify key metabolic pathways associated with secondary flowering. These pathways were primarily involved in nutrient accumulation and plant hormone biosynthesis. We then quantified changes in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and gibberellic acid (GA3), as well as levels of soluble protein, soluble sugar, and starch in flower buds. Correlation analysis indicated that IAA was necessary for flower bud development; ABA was weakly correlated with secondary flowering; and JA was significantly negatively correlated with secondary flowering. The GA3 content was higher in LB than in SB and was significantly positively correlated with secondary flowering. Additionally, nutrient levels were higher in LB than in SB, suggesting that the accumulation of sufficient nutrients supports the second bloom. Correlation analysis revealed that ABA and GA3 levels were positively correlated in flower buds, but GA3 was negatively correlated with JA levels. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the secondary flowering phenomenon in Prunus subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’ and offers valuable insights for extending the ornamental period of cherry blossom trees.