# Sex-Specific Fifteen-Year Alcohol Consumption Trajectories and Their Association with Cardiovascular Events and Mortality: The Framingham Heart Study

## TL;DR

This study found that long-term moderate alcohol consumption was linked to lower risks of heart disease and death compared to high or fluctuating drinking patterns in a US population.

## Contribution

The study identifies sex-specific alcohol consumption patterns and their distinct associations with cardiovascular outcomes and mortality over 15 years.

## Key findings

- Women in non-moderate drinking groups had 1.58–1.61 higher CHD risk compared to moderate drinkers.
- High-Decreasing men had 1.27 higher mortality risk than moderate drinkers.
- Low-to-moderate drinking was associated with lower mortality and CHD risks in both sexes.

## Abstract

Background: Alcohol use patterns influence health outcomes. This study examined sex-specific drinking trajectories and their associations with all-cause mortality and coronary heart disease (CHD) in the US-based Framingham Heart Study. Method: Among 6570 participants (mean age: 55 ± 13; 55% women) followed for 15 years, a growth mixture model identified four sex-specific alcohol consumption trajectories. Cox models examined associations of alcohol trajectories with CHD and mortality over 10 years of follow-up, adjusting for covariates. Results: This study identified four distinct, sex-specific alcohol consumption trajectories: the Moderate-Decreasing group (1179 women, 0–14 g/day; 1534 men, 0–28 g/day) showed a declining moderate intake, The Low-to-None group included light or non-drinkers (992 women, 826 men), the Inverse-U group (606 women, 199 men) showed variable intake over time, while the High-Decreasing group (858 women, 376 men) had high initial consumption (women > 14 and men > 28 g/day) that declined over time. Compared with the Moderate-Decreasing group, women in other groups had higher CHD risks (HRs 1.58–1.61) and greater mortality risk in the Low-to-None (HR 1.25) and Inverse-U (HR 1.28) groups. Men in Low-to-None had higher mortality (HR 1.17) and CHD (HR 1.60), while High-Decreasing showed the highest mortality (HR 1.27). Low-to-moderate drinking was associated with lower mortality and CHD risks; however, these findings do not confirm the protective effects of alcohol use. Discussion: Our findings suggest that sustained low to moderate drinking was associated with lower risks of mortality and CHD in both women and men, compared to high-level or fluctuating patterns. Although these associations may not confirm causality, our findings emphasize the importance of investigating long-term drinking patterns in public health. Nevertheless, we caution against promoting moderate alcohol use as a strategy to reduce mortality risk or prevent CHD.