# Kissing Bond Damage Identification and Evaluation in CFRP-Reinforced Steel Plates Using Mixed-Frequency Ultrasonic Guided Waves

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new method using mixed-frequency ultrasonic waves to detect and assess early-stage damage in CFRP-reinforced steel structures.

## Contribution

The novel use of mixed-frequency ultrasonic guided waves with nonlinear characteristics enables effective detection of microscale kissing bond damage.

## Key findings

- Nonlinear parameters increase with the length of kissing bond damage, indicating its effectiveness for evaluation.
- Simulation and experimental results confirm the sensitivity of mixed-frequency guided waves to microscale damage.
- Different wave modes show varying sensitivities to kissing bond damage.

## Abstract

CFRP laminates are widely adopted for the strengthening of steel structures and the debonding damage poses a severe threat to the integrity of CFRP-reinforced structures. However, as the early stage of debonding damage, kissing bond detection in these structures using the conventional ultrasonic guided waves method is a significant challenge due to the imperceptibility of microscale damage and the complexity of the wave properties at the interface. To address this problem, mixed-frequency ultrasonic guided waves with nonlinear characteristics are proposed to identify and evaluate kissing bond damage with different damage sizes in CFRP-reinforced steel structures. A finite element model is developed to simulate a kissing bond in a CFRP-reinforced steel plate and is utilized to investigate the interaction between mixed-frequency guided waves and the interface. Experimental tests are also carried out to verify the kissing bond detection method. Nonlinear parameters calculated based on the damage-induced sum and difference frequency components are employed to quantitatively evaluate the kissing bond damage. In addition, excitations with different wave modes are used in damage detection to compare their sensitivities to kissing bond damage. Both the simulation and experimental results reveal that the nonlinear parameter rises as the length of the kissing bond increases, reflecting the effectiveness of mixed-frequency ultrasonic guided wave for the identification and evaluation of kissing bond damage in CFRP-bonded structures.