# What Is the Main Cause of Shrinkage Porosity in AlSi7Mg0.6 Alloy Castings Obtained with an Increased Share of Secondary Materials?

## TL;DR

This study investigates the main cause of shrinkage porosity in AlSi7Mg0.6 alloy castings when using more recycled materials.

## Contribution

The study clarifies the primary cause of shrinkage porosity in AlSi7Mg0.6 alloy castings by comparing two competing theories.

## Key findings

- Plate-like β-Al5FeSi phases are the main cause of shrinkage porosity in gravity castings with over 0.7 wt.% Fe.
- In pressure castings, double-layer oxide films are likely the main cause of shrinkage porosity.
- The Mg2Si phase does not contribute to shrinkage porosity in any casting method.

## Abstract

Determining the causes of shrinkage porosity in Al-Si-Mg alloy castings with an increased proportion of secondary materials is very important and poses many problems. The reason for this is the existence of two opposing theories. One assumes that plate-like α-Al5FeSi (β-Fe) phase segregations cause shrinkage porosity. At the same time, the other believes that thin, double-layered oxide films with air-filled voids are responsible for the porosity. To address this question, the popular commercial alloy AlSi7Mg0.6 (EN AC-42200) was selected for testing. This alloy was cast into three series: with increasing content from 0.3 to 0.8 wt.% Fe and a constant content of approx. 0.1 wt.% Mn, the second with increasing iron and manganese contents (Mn/Fe = 1/2) (both series cast by gravity), and the third series under low pressure (approx. 0.15 MPa) with increasing content from 0.8 wt.% to 1.3 wt.% Fe and a constant content of approx. 0.1 wt.% Mn. Based on DTA (Derivative Thermal Analysis) and DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) tests, the order of crystallizing components in various Mn/Fe combinations was determined. It has been found that the most unfavorable phases in gravity castings are the primary crystallizing β-Al5FeSi (β-Fe) phases (over 0.7 wt.% Fe), which are the leading cause of shrinkage porosity. After adding manganese to the alloy, thermal tests indicate that after the formation of α(Al) dendrites but before the eutectic α(Al) + β(Si), the Al15(Fe,Mn)3Si2 phase crystallizes. In die-cast samples, plate-like α-Al5FeSi (β-Fe) phase precipitates were also observed, but their share is small, and their average length does not exceed 20–30 µm. However, microstructural tests revealed the presence of rare oxides. It can therefore be assumed that in the AlSi7Mg0.6 alloy cast under pressure, the primary source of shrinkage porosity is not plate-like α-Al5FeSi (β-Fe) phase precipitates, but double-layer oxide films. In all cases, it was found that the Mg2Si phase formed at the end of crystallization does not affect shrinkage porosity.