# The Formation of Surface Nanoparticles Enhances the Vacuum Carburizing Efficiency of 20CrMnTi Steel

## TL;DR

Pre-treating 20CrMnTi steel with nitriding improves vacuum carburizing efficiency, resulting in a harder and deeper hardened layer.

## Contribution

The study reveals that pre-nitrocarburizing enhances vacuum carburizing by forming surface nanoparticles that increase carbon diffusion.

## Key findings

- Pre-nitrocarburizing increases the effective hardening depth by approximately 0.15 mm.
- Surface hardness improves by about 75 HV due to enhanced carbon diffusion from surface nanoparticle formation.

## Abstract

This work investigates the effect of pre-nitriding treatment before vacuum carburizing on the carburizing efficiency of 20CrMnTi steel. The results show that pre-nitrocarburizing significantly enhances the vacuum carburizing efficiency of 20CrMnTi steel, refines the microstructure of the carburized layer’s martensite, and promotes the precipitation of carbides. At the same carburized layer depth, the hardness and carbon content of the pre-nitrocarburized samples are significantly higher than those of the samples without pre-nitriding. Specifically, the effective hardening depth and surface hardness increase by approximately 0.15 mm and 75 HV, respectively. These improvements are attributed to the formation of loose and porous nanoscale nitride particles on the surface during the pre-nitrocarburizing process, which significantly increases the surface roughness and porosity. This surface morphology facilitates the adsorption and inward diffusion of carbon atoms during the carburizing process. This study provides some inspiration for pretreatment techniques to improve the efficiency of vacuum carburizing.