Evaluation of an ESAT-6 Recombinant Skin Test Reagent for Bovine Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Guinea Pigs and Cattle

TL;DR

A new recombinant protein, RRbTB-E, was developed and tested as a more reliable alternative to traditional PPD-B for diagnosing bovine tuberculosis in guinea pigs and cattle.

Contribution

The study introduces RRbTB-E, a recombinant ESAT-6 fusion protein, as a stable and specific reagent for bovine tuberculosis diagnosis.

Findings

RRbTB-E induced robust and consistent delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in M. bovis-sensitized guinea pigs comparable to PPD-B.

RRbTB-E remained stable for over 900 days at 4–8 °C and did not react in non-sensitized or M. avium-sensitized animals.

In naturally infected cattle, RRbTB-E elicited responses similar to PPD-B while remaining negative in non-infected animals.

Abstract

Bovine purified protein derivative (PPD-B), a crude protein extract from Mycobacterium bovis cultures, has been the standard reagent for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing in cattle, but its undefined composition and variability compromise reproducibility and specificity. To address these limitations, we developed and evaluated RRbTB-E, a recombinant fusion protein comprising ESAT-6, as a defined alternative for skin testing. RRbTB-E was produced in Escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography, and characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. In M. bovis-sensitized guinea pigs, RRbTB-E induced robust DTH reactions comparable to PPD-B, with consistent performance across six independent experiments and long-term stability after storage at 4–8 °C for more than 900 days. Furthermore, RRbTB-E did not induce significant reactions in non-sensitized or Mycobacterium avium–sensitized animals, confirming antigenic specificity. RRbTB-E also elicited DTH responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis–sensitized guinea pigs. In naturally infected cattle, it triggered responses similar in magnitude to PPD-B, while remaining negative in non-infected animals. These findings support RRbTB-E as a stable, reproducible, and specific candidate for standardized intradermal testing in bovine tuberculosis diagnosis.

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