# Strut Size-Dependent Compressive Behavior and Failure Mechanisms of Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion NiTi Octahedral Porous Scaffolds

## TL;DR

This paper studies how strut size affects the compressive strength and failure of laser-printed NiTi scaffolds, showing how design changes influence performance.

## Contribution

The study establishes a structure-property-failure relationship for NiTi scaffolds fabricated via laser-based powder bed fusion.

## Key findings

- Elastic modulus and compressive strength increase with larger strut sizes in NiTi scaffolds.
- Smaller struts (280 μm) show oscillatory collapse, while larger struts fail via shear-band-dominated fracture.
- Simulations confirm experimentally observed failure mechanisms and stress concentration at nodal junctions.

## Abstract

Nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys are attractive for functional and biomedical applications due to their shape memory effect, superelasticity, and favorable corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. In this work, the influence of strut size on the compressive response of laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) fabricated NiTi ortho-octahedral porous scaffolds was systematically investigated using combined experiments and finite element simulations. Four scaffold designs with identical unit-cell size (2 mm) but different strut sizes (280, 320, 360, and 400 μm) were fabricated, and their forming quality and deformation behaviors were examined. The as-built scaffolds exhibited high geometric fidelity to the CAD models and stable manufacturability across the investigated parameter range. Quasi-static compression tests revealed a typical three-stage response (linear-elastic regime, plateau/collapse regime, and densification), with both elastic modulus and compressive strength increasing markedly with strut size. Specifically, the modulus increased from 1.17 to 4.28 GPa and the compressive strength increased from 155 to 564 MPa as the strut size increased from 280 to 400 μm. A pronounced oscillatory plateau was observed for the 280 μm scaffolds, indicating progressive layer-by-layer collapse, whereas larger struts promoted a shear-band-dominated failure mode characterized by an approximately 45° fracture zone. Explicit quasi-static simulations reproduced the experimentally observed collapse sequence and demonstrated that stress preferentially concentrates at nodal junctions, with load transfer dominated by struts aligned with the loading direction. The agreement between experiments and simulations confirms the predictive capability of the proposed modeling framework and provides mechanistic insights into geometry-controlled failure. These findings establish a structure-property-failure relationship for PBF-LB/M-fabricated NiTi octahedral scaffolds and offer practical guidance for tailoring stiffness, strength, and collapse mode through strut-size design.