# Multidomain Biomarkers as Predictors of Cardiovascular Risk in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Prospective Evaluation

## TL;DR

This study shows that combining coagulation and autoimmunity biomarkers improves predicting short-term cardiovascular risks in acute coronary syndrome patients.

## Contribution

Identifies IgG anti-β2-glycoprotein I and D-dimer as novel independent predictors of adverse outcomes in ACS.

## Key findings

- MACE occurred in 51.4% of ACS patients during 30-day follow-up.
- IgG anti-β2-glycoprotein I and D-dimer were significant independent predictors of MACE.
- PF4 and hs-CRP showed high sensitivity but low specificity for adverse outcomes.

## Abstract

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), driven by inflammation and thrombosis, remains a leading cause of morbidity globally. While traditional risk scores are useful, the prognostic value of combining inflammatory and autoimmune biomarkers remains understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive role of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), platelet factor 4 (PF4), D-dimer, and antiphospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin and anti-β2-glycoprotein I) for the development of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with ACS. We conducted a prospective cohort study at a tertiary referral center in Mexico. A total of 103 patients admitted with confirmed ACS were included. Blood samples were collected upon admission to measure biomarker levels. Participants were followed for 30 days. The primary outcome was the occurrence of MACE, defined as reinfarction, death, percutaneous coronary intervention, or bypass surgery. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors, adjusting for age, smoking, and comorbidities. MACE occurred in 51.4% of participants. Patients with adverse outcomes were significantly older and had longer hospital stays (p < 0.05). In the biomarker analysis, PF4 and hs-CRP demonstrated high sensitivity (98%) but low specificity. In the multivariate analysis, IgG anti-β2-glycoprotein I (p < 0.001) and D-dimer (p = 0.024) emerged as significant independent predictors of MACE. Conversely, IgM isotypes did not show independent predictive value. Beyond traditional risk factors, markers of coagulation (D-dimer) and autoimmunity (IgG anti-β2-glycoprotein I) are independent predictors of short-term adverse events in ACS patients. Integrating these multidomain biomarkers into clinical assessment may enhance risk stratification and prognostic accuracy.