# Making the Bridge Between Experiment and Theory in Metal Oxides for Renewable Energy: Based on TiO2, ZnO, and BiVO4

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how combining experiments and theory helps improve metal oxides for renewable energy technologies like solar cells and photocatalysis.

## Contribution

The paper emphasizes the synergy between experimental and theoretical approaches to design better metal oxides for energy applications.

## Key findings

- Combining experiments and DFT improves understanding of metal oxide properties.
- Doped and heterostructured oxides offer potential for better performance.
- Machine learning and in situ studies can accelerate material discovery.

## Abstract

Metal oxides such as TiO2, ZnO, and BiVO4 have emerged as pivotal materials for renewable energy technologies owing to their versatile electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. This review highlights the importance of bridging experimental investigations with Density Functional Theory (DFT) to deepen the understanding of structure–property relationships in these systems. Experimental approaches provide critical insights into synthesis strategies, performance evaluation, and sustainability, whereas DFT offers predictive power at the atomic scale by elucidating electronic structures, reaction mechanisms, and defect dynamics. The synergy of these methods enables the rational design of advanced materials for photocatalysis, solar cells, and energy storage applications. Looking ahead, research opportunities lie in the development of doped and heterostructured metal oxides, the integration of machine learning for accelerated material discovery, and the implementation of in situ/operando studies that capture time-resolved phenomena. By making the bridge between experiment and theory, significant progress can be achieved toward sustainable and efficient energy solutions.