# Biochemical and Antioxidant Characterization of Pigment-Deficient Chlorella vulgaris Flours and the Impact of Fermentation: Comparative Insights from Green, Honey, and White Variants

## TL;DR

This study compares the nutritional and antioxidant properties of different Chlorella vulgaris flours and how fermentation affects them, showing that white variants benefit most from certain microbial co-cultures.

## Contribution

The study reveals that co-culture fermentation can enhance the bioactive profile of pigment-deficient Chlorella vulgaris, particularly in white variants.

## Key findings

- Green Chlorella vulgaris had the highest native total polyphenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity.
- Fermentation with K. marxianus increased lactic acid production and acidity, especially in white variants.
- White variant showed significant increases in TPC and antioxidant activity after fermentation, unlike honey or green variants.

## Abstract

This study investigated the biochemical composition and antioxidant potential of flours from pigment-deficient Chlorella vulgaris variants (honey and white) and wild-type (green) and the impact of lactic acid bacteria–yeast co-culture fermentation. The three variants were characterized for composition, total polyphenol (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays), and reactive oxygen species production in HT-29 intestinal cells. All extracts were noncytotoxic up to 100 µg/mL. Among all variants, the green showed the highest native TPC, TFC, and overall antioxidant activity. TPC and TFC were similar between honey and white, while FRAP was higher in honey and ORAC was higher in white. Biomasses were subsequently fermented for 24 h using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CR L1 or Levilactobacillus brevis L204 with either Saccharomyces cerevisiae TRE Y100 or Kluyveromyces marxianus MK Y55. Fermentation resulted in significant pH reduction and increases in titratable acidity and lactic acid production, particularly in co-cultures involving K. marxianus. However, the effects on antioxidant properties were strongly matrix-dependent, with significant increases in TPC and antioxidant activity observed only in the white variant. Overall, pigmentation and microbial pairing emerged as key determinants of metabolic outcomes. These findings highlight the potential of co-culture fermentation to enhance the bioactive profile of pigment-deficient C. vulgaris, supporting their application in functional foods.