# A Systematic Review of Imaging Techniques for the Botanical and Geographical Classification of Coffee

## TL;DR

This paper reviews imaging techniques used to classify and authenticate coffee based on its botanical and geographical origin.

## Contribution

It systematically reviews recent studies on digital and hyperspectral/multispectral imaging for coffee classification and highlights areas for improvement.

## Key findings

- Digital and hyper/multispectral imaging can classify coffee species, origins, and quality when paired with algorithms.
- Using whole beans and standardized roast degree is crucial to avoid model bias.
- Combining color, texture, and shape features improves classification robustness.

## Abstract

With evolving consumption trends, the coffee market is experiencing increasing demand for high-quality, traceable coffees, which, in turn, has led to price growth. Therefore, due to its increased economic value, coffee has become a constant target of fraudulent actions. As result, many analytical techniques have been explored as tools for coffee classification and authentication, of which the use of digital, hyperspectral and/or multispectral imaging is noteworthy. This type of analysis provides rapid, non-destructive, environmentally friendly, and increasingly accessible alternatives to conventional analytical methods. By consulting three different databases, this work systematically revised articles published in the last 10 years, which utilize digital image analysis and hyper/multispectral imaging for the botanical and geographical classification and authentication of coffees. The reviewed studies (n = 17) demonstrate that, when paired with classification algorithms, discrimination across species, origins, and quality categories can be achieved. A critical point to highlight is the importance of using whole beans and standardizes roast degree to avoid biasing the models. Concerning digital images, relying solely on color features limits the robustness of the classification models. Incorporating complementary textural and shape features is thus necessary to capture the coffee botanical or geographic information, as shown in a minor number of the selected studies. In a similar fashion, for hyper/multispectral imaging, there is still potential to further exploit the spatial information, thus achieving the technique’s full potential. The evidence indicates that image-based methods are steadily progressing into reliable tools for coffee authentication.