# Plant non-canonical peptides: From identification to mechanisms

## TL;DR

This review explores plant peptides, their roles in growth and immunity, and how new technologies can help discover and use them for crop improvement.

## Contribution

The paper systematically summarizes strategies for plant peptide identification and proposes integrating high-throughput technologies for future research.

## Key findings

- Plant peptides are classified into canonical, non-canonical, and non-ribosomal types with diverse functions.
- Peptidogenomics and mass spectrometry have expanded the known plant peptidome by identifying peptides from non-coding regions.
- Integrating functional genomics and synthetic biology is suggested to enhance crop improvement through peptides.

## Abstract

Plant peptides have emerged as key regulators of plant growth, development, immunity, and environmental adaptation. Early studies in crops demonstrate the potential application of certain peptides, such as systemin and plant elicitor peptides, to enhance disease resistance. Based on their structure and function, plant peptides are typically classified into canonical peptides, non-canonical peptides, and non-ribosomal peptides. Advances in peptidogenomics and mass spectrometry enable genome-wide discovery of numerous endogenous peptides, including those translated from untranslated regions and non-coding RNAs, greatly expanding the known plant peptidome. This review provides a comprehensive overview of plant peptides, including their classification, biosynthesis, and functional mechanisms in regulating diverse biological processes. Importantly, it systematically summarizes the historical development and recent advances in strategies for plant peptide identification. Despite substantial progress, peptide discovery and functional annotation remain challenging. We therefore propose that integrating high-throughput technologies, functional genomics, and synthetic biology will be essential for unlocking the full potential of plant peptides in crop improvement and cross-disciplinary innovation.

Plant peptides are vital signaling molecules that regulate plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of their classification, discovery approaches such as peptidogenomics, their key functional mechanisms, and emerging applications in agriculture. It further examines current challenges and future directions for harnessing plant peptides in crop improvement and biotechnology, offering insights to support cross-disciplinary innovation.