# Systemic inflammation is associated with increased risk of death in population with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease—a Danish national register study

## TL;DR

This study shows that systemic inflammation increases the risk of death in people with heart and kidney disease, suggesting it could help identify high-risk patients.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is demonstrating the strong association between systemic inflammation and mortality in patients with ASCVD and CKD using a large national cohort.

## Key findings

- 68% of patients with ASCVD and CKD showed systemic inflammation.
- Systemic inflammation was linked to a 2.06 times higher risk of death.
- The association remained consistent across subgroups and sensitivity analyses.

## Abstract

Systemic inflammation (SI), indicated by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, is known to increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality. This study aims to investigate the association between SI and mortality in the Danish population diagnosed with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease ASCVD and chronic kidney disease CKD.

We identified 19,159 individuals with incident ASCVD and CKD between 2012 and 2022 in Danish national health registers. SI was defined by at least two CRP measurements between 2 mg/L and 20 mg/L within a six-month period. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to assess the relationship between SI and mortality, adjusting for relevant confounders.

Among the cohort, 68% were observed with SI. SI were associated with significantly higher risk of mortality, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.06 (95% CI: 1.92–2.21) for death and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.57–1.77) for ‘MACE or death’. The results were consistent in all subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses, including in men and women separately, and using different definitions of SI.

This study demonstrates that SI is prevalent among patients with ASCVD and CKD being strongly associated with higher risk of mortality and MACE. These findings suggest that SI could serve as a valuable marker to identify patients with ASCVD and CKD who are at particularly high risk and may benefit from targeted preventive interventions.