Association between pre-pregnancy BMI and preterm birth in Chinese women: a retrospective study

TL;DR

This study examines how pre-pregnancy BMI affects preterm birth rates in Chinese women, finding that being underweight is not a major risk, but being overweight or obese increases the risk.

Contribution

The study identifies a J-shaped relationship between pre-pregnancy BMI and preterm birth in Chinese women, highlighting a safe BMI range and a risk threshold.

Findings

Underweight women did not show significantly increased preterm birth risk compared to normal weight women.

Overweight and obese women had higher preterm birth risks (aOR 1.32 and 1.47, respectively).

The lowest preterm birth risk was observed at a pre-pregnancy BMI of 18.5–21.5 kg/m².

Abstract

To explore the association between pre-pregnancy BMI (PPBMI) and preterm birth (PTB) across the Chinese population.

A total of 72,827 singleton pregnancies were included in this retrospective cohort study. Women were divided into 4 groups according to PPBMI (kg/m2): underweight (<18.5), normal weight (18.5-23.9), overweight (24-27.9) and obesity (≥28); Underweight was further categorized into severe (<16.5), moderate (16.5-17.4) and mild (17.5-18.4) underweight. PTB was grouped as spontaneous and medically indicated PTB based on clinical presentation, or grouped as 24-27, 28-31 and 32-36 weeks based on gestational age. Binary logistic regression was applied to estimate odds ratios for PTB, adjusted for potential confounders. Restricted cubic spline was used to assess potential nonlinear relationships between PPBMI and PTB.

The overall PTB rate was 4.8% (n = 3, 478). Compared with the normal weight group, the risks of PTB were similar across underweight categories: aOR = 1.10(95% CI 0.97-1.24) in mild, aOR = 0.96 (95% CI 0.79-1.18) in moderate and aOR = 1.16 (95% CI 0.85-1.60) in the severe underweight group; The risks of PTB were higher both in the overweight (aOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.20-1.45) and obesity (aOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.24-1.74) group; the trends associated with PPBMI in the risks for medically indicated PTB, spontaneous PTB and PTB at different weeks of gestation were generally consistent with those observed in overall PTB. The association between PPBMI and PTB in the study population exhibited a J-shaped curve, and the nadir of PTB risk corresponded to a PPBMI of approximately 18.5–21.5 kg/m2, with a potential risk threshold around 24.5 kg/m2.

In Chinese population, pre-pregnancy underweight and severity of underweight were not significantly associated with the risk of PTB; while overweight and obesity increased the risk of PTB. The nadir of PTB risk corresponded to a PPBMI of approximately 18.5–21.5 kg/m2, with a potential risk threshold around 24.5 kg/m2.

In Chinese population, pre-pregnancy underweight and severity of underweight were not significantly associated with the risk of PTB; while both pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity increased the risk of PTB. The association between PPBMI and PTB exhibited a J-shaped curve, clinicians may recommend maintaining a PPBMI of approximately 18.5–21.5 kg/m2 and provide comprehensive prenatal screening and education on PTB prevention when PPBMI exceeds 24.5 kg/m2.

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