# Mapping nocturnal arousal across sleep and pain disorders

## TL;DR

The study maps how nighttime arousal patterns differ in sleep and pain disorders compared to healthy individuals.

## Contribution

A new method using an automated A-phase index is introduced to analyze phasic arousal across sleep disorders.

## Key findings

- Controls showed rising early-night phasic responses linked to thalamocortical homeostasis.
- iRBD and NT1 showed reduced early-night A1 activity, while fibromyalgia showed reduced activity throughout the night.
- NREM parasomnias showed early amplification of phasic drive followed by later attenuation.

## Abstract

Sleep’s microstructure emerges from the continual coupling of intrinsic arousal with the homeostatic descent of the night. To ask how this coupling unfolds across disorders, we mapped the nocturnal trajectory of phasic events in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD; n = 19), narcolepsy type 1 (NT1; n = 19), NREM parasomnia (n = 18), fibromyalgia (n = 13) and healthy controls (n = 40). Using an automated, cyclic alternating pattern (CAP)- inspired, A‑phase index (API), a B‑phase–agnostic, 60‑s read‑out of phasic burden, we profiled subtype‑specific activity across normalised nights in retrospective polysomnography. In controls, early‑night slow‑wave–dominant phasic responses rose steeply and decayed with dissipating pressure, consistent with thalamocortical homeostasis. In iRBD and NT1, early-night A1 prominence was attenuated, and in fibromyalgia it was broadly reduced across the night. NREM parasomnias showed a distinctive pattern: transient amplification of phasic drive in early, with later attenuation in deep NREM sleep. Stage‑wise comparisons showed the largest group separations in N2 for A1/A2; between group differences were described from normalised time curves without inferential testing. These trajectories suggest that disorders may differ in how intrinsic arousal couples to homeostatic drift across the night. However, findings are hypothesis‑generating given unmatched controls, small groups and lack of adjustment for additional confounds. Descriptive prospective work combining A- and B-phase estimation is warranted.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-42639-0.