# DEM analysis of boundary effects in simple shear tests

## TL;DR

This study uses DEM simulations to compare different boundary designs in simple shear tests, showing that projection-based boundaries improve shear transmission and match experimental results better than flat boundaries.

## Contribution

The study introduces and validates novel projection-based boundaries for improved shear transmission in simple shear tests.

## Key findings

- Projection boundaries significantly enhance shear stress transmission compared to flat boundaries.
- DEM simulations with projection boundaries align well with experimental results in macroscopic response.
- Boundary effects are more pronounced near the specimen edges and diminish toward the center.

## Abstract

In simple shear testing, the specimen boundaries play a pivotal role in the transmission of shear forces. Waffle-style porous stones, plates with ribs or similar types of projections are used in experiments to reduce slippage at the boundary and transmit shear throughout the specimen. Conventionally, Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations often model the top and bottom caps as flat boundaries with artificially enlarged friction coefficients, or use geometrical configurations that are computationally efficient. This research compares flat high-friction boundaries with ribbed and more novel-designed boundaries incorporating large pyramid, and small pyramid projections, aiming to improve shear transmission capability while ensuring computational efficiency. DEM simulations were conducted on specimens of steel bearings, with experimental validation using identical setups and particle properties. Specimens featuring different boundaries showed different void ratios in the layers close to the boundaries, with boundary effects diminishing towards the central zones. DEM simulations with projection boundaries demonstrated good agreement with experiments in terms of the macroscopic response, validating the effectiveness of the projection boundaries. The conventional flat boundaries exhibited limited shear transmission capability, resulting in insufficient development of shear stress and inadequate particle engagement. Conversely, projections on boundaries significantly improved shear stress transmission, ensuring the simple shear condition throughout the entire specimens. Projection boundaries introduced manageable increases in computational cost despite increased mesh complexity. This study highlights the importance of boundary design and recommends the adoption of projection-based boundaries in both experimental and numerical simple shear tests to ensure effective shear transmission and reliable results.