# Cell type-dependent suppression of the RNA helicase DDX3Y levels by the close paralog DDX3X

## TL;DR

This study shows how the RNA helicase DDX3X controls the levels of its close relative DDX3Y in male cancer cells, with different effects depending on the cell type.

## Contribution

The paper reveals cell type-specific mechanisms by which DDX3X regulates DDX3Y at both transcript and protein levels.

## Key findings

- DDX3X depletion in HCT116 cells increases DDX3Y mRNA and protein, partly due to transcript stabilization.
- In U87MG cells, DDX3X reduction boosts DDX3Y protein without affecting mRNA, via enhanced protein stability.
- DDX3X physically interacts with DDX3Y, and modifying specific lysine residues in DDX3Y increases its stability.

## Abstract

The DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3X has important roles in development and disease. Loss of DDX3X during developmental and pathological processes such as tumorigenesis can lead to compensatory upregulation of the close paralog DDX3Y in males, which may underlie the sexual dimorphism displayed by some DDX3X-associated diseases. However, how DDX3X cross-regulates DDX3Y remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the regulation of DDX3Y by DDX3X in two male-derived human cancer cell lines, HCT116 and U87MG. Depletion of DDX3X in HCT116 cells results in moderately increased DDX3Y mRNA and protein, in part due to stabilization of DDX3Y transcripts. Conversely, reduction of DDX3X in U87MG cells markedly upregulates DDX3Y protein without affecting its mRNA, mainly by enhancing DDX3Y protein stability. We further show that DDX3X physically interacts with DDX3Y. DDX3Y is much less stable than DDX3X in U87MG cells, and substitution of two lysine residues in DDX3Y with the corresponding arginine in DDX3X stabilizes DDX3Y. Thus, the compensatory upregulation of DDX3Y following DDX3X loss can occur at either transcript or protein level, suggesting complex and cell type-specific cross-regulation between these X- and Y-linked paralogs to keep the total DDX3 dosage in check.